Vasomotor Control Centre

Controls Vascular Shunt Mechanism

Located the Medulla Oblongata

Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

This then either vasodilates or vasoconstricts arterioles and pre-cappillary spinctres supplying muscles and organs

Gets information from:
Chemoreceptors - in muscles, aorta and carotid arteries
These tell Mr VCC that lactic acid and C02 levels are too damn high - pH is too low! The acid has kicked in

Baroreceptors - in aorta and carotid arteries
informs Mr VCC that systolic BP has increased/decreased

Warm ups and Cool Downs effect on Vascular System

Explain the effects of a warm up on the vascular system.

 "A warm up means you won't pull a muscle as easily" - guaranteed Dobson will put this (don't be a mong!)

Warm up:

Vasoconstriction of arterioles/pre-capillary sphincters to non-essential organs and non-working muscles

Means more blood flow to working muscles

Vasodilation of arterioles/pre-capillary sphincters to working muscles

Means more blood flow to muscles that need it

Increased body/muscle temp:

 - increased enzyme activity/transport of ones required for energy systems and muscle contractions

- decreased blood viscosity, improves blood flow

Decrease in OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation) due to early onset of anaerobic work when a warm up isn't done

Cool Down:

Keeps metabolic activity elevated which gradually decreases HR and respiration - do it steady not suddenly basically

Maintains respiratory/muscle pumps - no more blood pooling! Maintains venous return

Maintains blood flow and BP

Keeps capillaries dilated, more lactic acid and C02 getting removed - no one likes lactic acid, get rid of it!

Heart Diseases

4 things you need to remember about:

Numero uno: Arteriosclerosis
Loss of elasticity or thickening/hardening of arteries
Less efficient at vasodilation/constriction
Vascular shunt mechanism then = less efficient

Numero dos: Atherosclerosis
High levels of cholesterol and fat deposits
these accumulate in arterial walls-narrowing of the "lumen"
increased likelihood of blood clots and restricts blood flow
BP is increased because of smaller room to flow through

Numero tres: Angina
Partial blockage of coronary artery
Causes intense chest pain - not enough 02/blood supply to heart muscle wall
athero/arteriosclerosis increases chance of this happening

Numero cuatro: Heart Attack
Severe/sudden lack of 02/blood supply to heart muscle wall
blood clots from larger coronary arteries
death of damaged area heart muscle wall
less efficient heart after

Lessen the risk!!

Hypertrophy
Less blood fibrinogen - reduces clotting and viscosity
Less blood lipids
Less LDL - deposited onto arterial walls
More HDL - act as scavengers for cholesterol
Lower BP - less hypertension, helps
Less obesity - don't get fat kids
Less stress - Watson will testify to this when Birdy gets his A

Schema Theory

4 Memory Items  :

1) Knowledge of Initial Conditions
Whether the performer has been in this situation before / previously experienced a similar situation

2) Knowledge and Response Specifications
Knowledge of what to do in these situations

Memory items 1 and 2 = Recall Schema

3) Knowledge of Sensory Circumstances
Kinaesthesis / how the skill should feeling eg how hard to pass a ball in rugby to get to the team mate

4) Knowledge of Movement Outcome
Knowing what the result of the skill should be - successful or not?

Memory items 3 and 4 = Recognition Schema

Sports Development Pyramid

Foundation:

Children being introduced into sport
Learning basic skills
Positive attitudes

Participation:

School/clubs
NON-COMPETITIVE
enjoyment, health, fitness, FUN
recreational

Performance:

formal school/club
competitive
skilled, committed performers - regular training etc
district/county as well

Excellence:

Highly skilled/elite athletes
high levels of coaching
sport science support
fully committed performers - its their job
Get paid for it maybe

PESSCL

8 Different Strands:
2007 - PM pledged 100m to this strategy - did it work?

2 hours in school, 2 hours+ outside of school for every child.
fitter Britain, greater sporting nation
more competition

1) Sports Colleges

2)School sports programmes

3)Gifted and Talented

4)Sporting playgrounds

5)Club Links

6)Step into Sport

7)Swimming

8)Professional Development

UK Sport, National Institutes of Sport and Home Country Organisations

UK Sport:

All about sporting excellence - responsible for developing elite sport in the UK.
Funded by department for media, culture and sport. Received £53 million from government in 2006-7, will have increased a lot by now.

Distributes funding throughout the world class pathway programme, attracts major events, works with home country councils and NGB's.
Responsible for national institutes of sport.
Talented athlete Scholarship scheme

National Institutes of Sport:

A network of satellite centres giving practical support to the UK's top sportsmen and women.
One for each country in the UK
Sport science, sports medicine, physiotherapy, bio mechanics, nutritional advice, psychology, lifestyle advice

Home Country Organisations:

Sport England:
Responsible for community sport in the country, funded by government and national lottery.
MASS PARTICIPATION
Wants to get as many people active as it can
Ensure people stay in sport after leaving school
Promotes volunteering, coaching, leadership etc
Works closely with NGB's

World Class Pathway Programme

World Class Podium: 

If you are likely to be a medallist in the next Olympic Games you will receive this funding. Senior coaches, support performance coaches as well.

World Class Development:

For performers who show evidence that they are around 6 years away from a likely medal - next but one Olympics. Some performers leading up to 2012 games received this funding even if medal winning potential was slim - just as long as they would be competitive.

World Class Talent:

Gifted and motivated performers who have traits and characteristics of top performers. Selected by NGB's for this level of funding. For performers who are a maximum of 8 years away from a medal hope.

Funding - Private, Public, Voluntary

Public:
From - Taxes, national lottery, government, charges for facility use
To - Local authorities, awards/grants, Schools

Private:
From - business profit, ticket sales, sales (TV rights, Merchandise etc)
To - Sponsorship, Grants, private clubs

Voluntary:
From - National lottery, awards, grants, fundraising, subscriptions from members
To - Facility building maintenance and development, coaching fees, running clubs.

Positives and Negatives:

Positives - money available for mass participation and excellence, clubs can be very wealthy, government putting more and more money into sport, can earn big through sport, many sources available for funding

Negatives - not evenly distributes throughout all sports, financial equality is non-existent, smaller clubs can go bankrupt, commercialism has a bigger role to play in British sport than other countries, NGB's need to be careful, very complex now

Amateur -> professional approach to sport

Only people with enough money to not work could play games well - had the time
Poor people couldn't play
If a working class man was good enough he could be paid to play so they had the time

These people looked down upon by "gentleman amateurs"

Mass Participation:
government wants more people playing sport
70% by 2020

Sporting Excellence:
Want to win medals
Time and effort needs to be put in
Sportsmen/women need to get paid and have the time to train
Up in the medal tables for the Olympics

UK Sport responsible
planning, policy, increasingly professional approach to sport
More national governing bodies
Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Politicians shown greater interest in sport now, vote catcher
Given funding

19th century schools

How did they promote sport?
Lots of money - could afford the facilities needed
Large grounds - had the space needed
professional coaches acquired
Boys had lots of free time
House system - competitions, still remains today

Why?
character building, teamwork, leadership
took passion for games with them when left school
Spread across the british empire

Busy at home as well
became influential members of communities
influenced people about sport

Set up large amounts of governing bodies

Australia

Characteristics:
Young/new nation
Sparsely populated - 21 million people
Immigration and colonial influence

1770 - Captain Cook first landed
Followed by English convicts and European immigrants
Chinese for the gold rush
People looking for a better life

Sport is a national obsession and passion
90% of Australia participate in sport

Why do they love sport so much?
Bush Culture - Manliness, strength
Australia's climate is good for it
Outdoor life is the norm
Pushed by politicians
Tradition of success
Sport is fashionable
Healthy Economy
Sport has a high status in schools- pathway programmes

Aussie Rules:

Played on large cricket ovals
22 players per side
Either a mixture of aboriginal leaping game and what Tom Wills saw in english public school
Or mixture of rugby and gaelic football
Tom Wills made it for cricketers in the winter
Fourth most played team sport in Australia

Factors shaping development:

Australians travelling abroad have taken the game with them
Festival/ exhibition matches held
Players converted from other sports to get in on the money/ fame that comes with it
Extensive pathway programmes for the game in schools
Appeals to all -can be played by all ages, super rules - limits physical contact

Commercialism:
Highest attended spectator sport
Interest in game
Multi million dollar business
Media promotion
Financial backing from businesses, sponsorships, ads etc

America

Characteristics:
Young/New country
Capitalist
Large Country - 300 million population

Win Ethic -Lombardianism "winning isn't everything its the only thing"

Commercialism:
Sport = money, sport is driven by commercialism
Private and corporate businesses use sport
School sport can attract big sponsorships
College players receive top coaching
Best college players drafted into pro sport
TV and advertising - fund sport, influence the games ie when the teams have to play

Rags to riches - achieving the american dream can be done through sport

American Football:

Originally "gridiron"
Tactical, violent, physical
"Frontier Spirit" needed - courage, endeavour, determination
Developed in Ivy League colleges
Some universities banned the game - too violent
Serious injuries and even deaths not uncommon in early 1900's
No protective clothing really
President intervened to clean up the game
Game progressively developed

With commercialism:
Multi billion dollar business
Teams either privately owned or run as public companies
Competition for TV rights

Super Bowl:

Championship game of the NFL
30 second ad costs $2.6 million
businesses take advantage of huge amount of viewers